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Some species of frog have adaptations that allow them to survive in oxygen deficient water. The Titicaca water frog ( Telmatobius culeus) is one such species and has wrinkly skin that increases its surface area to enhance gas exchange. It normally makes no use of its rudimentary lungs but will sometimes raise and lower its body rhythmically while on the lake bed to increase the flow of water around it. [71] Anatomical model of a dissected frog: 1Rightatrium, 2Lungs, 3Aorta, 4Egg mass, 5Colon, 6Leftatrium, 7Ventricle, 8Stomach, 9Liver, 10Gallbladder, 11Smallintestine, 12Cloaca Digestion and excretion Mörs, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Vasilyan, Davit (2020). "First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5051. Bibcode: 2020NatSR..10.5051M. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5. PMC 7181706. PMID 32327670.
Overall, it appears that an increasing number of amphibian species are being recognised as being able to tolerate salt water in the natural environment. However, species vary hugely in their tolerance of salt water habitats and our knowledge of the degree to which amphibians have adapted to salt water is poorly understood, especially those in human dominated habitats. Further in-depth investigations are required to increase our understanding of the mechanisms behind the evolution of salt tolerance in amphibians and their response in a potentially changing environment. Hopkins, Gareth R.; Brodie, Edmund D. (2015). "Occurrence of Amphibians in Saline Habitats: A Review and Evolutionary Perspective". Herpetological Monographs. 29: 1–27. doi: 10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00006. S2CID 83659304. But can a dive housing manufacturer successfully make the cross over to manufacture quality surf housings? We all know that the demands and requirements for a surf housing can be vastly different to that of a dive housing. Obviously using a water housing in calm dive conditions compared to large and powerful ocean swells/waves can present different requirements on the housing with the former placing intense impact related pressure on the water housing. Therefore any quality surf housing first and foremost will have to have a strong and robust design to meet the stringent demands of surf photography. Gordon, Malcolm S.; Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut; Kelly, Hamilton M. (1961), "Osmotic regulation in the crab-eating frog ( Rana cancrivora)", Journal of Experimental Biology, 38 (3): 659–678, doi: 10.1242/jeb.38.3.659 Some frogs protect their offspring inside their own bodies. Both male and female pouched frogs ( Assa darlingtoni) guard their eggs, which are laid on the ground. When the eggs hatch, the male lubricates his body with the jelly surrounding them and immerses himself in the egg mass. The tadpoles wriggle into skin pouches on his side, where they develop until they metamorphose into juvenile frogs. [180] The female gastric-brooding frog ( Rheobatrachus sp.) from Australia, now probably extinct, swallows her fertilized eggs, which then develop inside her stomach. She ceases to feed and stops secreting stomach acid. The tadpoles rely on the yolks of the eggs for nourishment. After six or seven weeks, they are ready for metamorphosis. The mother regurgitates the tiny frogs, which hop away from her mouth. [181] The female Darwin's frog ( Rhinoderma darwinii) from Chile lays up to 40 eggs on the ground, where they are guarded by the male. When the tadpoles are about to hatch, they are engulfed by the male, which carries them around inside his much-enlarged vocal sac. Here they are immersed in a frothy, viscous liquid that contains some nourishment to supplement what they obtain from the yolks of the eggs. They remain in the sac for seven to ten weeks before undergoing metamorphosis, after which they move into the male's mouth and emerge. [182] Defence The mildly toxic Ranitomeya imitator Strawberry poison-dart frog contains numerous alkaloids which deter predators.Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H., eds. (2004). Dinosaur distribution (Early Jurassic, North America): The Dinosauria (2nded.). University of California Press. pp.530–532. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. In South America, cane toads can be almost fifteen centimetres long. Sometimes they're even called giant toads. They have dry bumpy skin with ridges over their eyes. Cane toads are good at finding food with their sense of smell. They eat all sorts of things - plants, small creatures, even birds. They're poisonous, so most animals can't eat them.
Sometimes during the tadpole stage, one of the developing rear legs is eaten by a predator such as a dragonfly nymph. In some cases, the full leg still grows, but in others it does not, although the frog may still live out its normal lifespan with only three limbs. Occasionally, a parasitic flatworm ( Ribeiroia ondatrae) digs into the rear of a tadpole, causing a rearrangement of the limb bud cells and the frog develops one or more extra legs. [56] Northern leopard frog ( Rana pipiens) moulting and eating its skin Skin The reproductive behavior of the normally solitary frogfish is still not fully researched. Few observations in aquaria and even fewer from the wild have been made. Most species are free-spawning, with females laying the eggs in the water and males coming in behind to fertilize them. From eight hours to several days before the egg-laying, the abdomen of the female starts to swell as up to 180,000 eggs absorb water. [7] The male begins to approach the female around two days before the spawning. Whether the spawn is predetermined by some external factor, such as the phase of the moon, or if the male is attracted to a smell or signal released by the female, is unknown. In all hitherto observed breeding pairs, one partner was noticeably larger than the other, sometimes as much as 10 times. When the gender could be determined, the larger partner was always the female. In open water, frogfishes can swim with strokes of the caudal fin. They also use jet propulsion, often used by younger frogfish. It is achieved by rhythmically gulping water and forcing it out through their gill openings, also called opercular openings, which lie behind their pectoral fins. [10]
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Ren, Z., Zhu, B., Ma, E., Wen, J., Tu, T., Cao, Y., Hasegawa, M. & Zhong, W. (2015). Complete nucleotide sequence and gene arrangement of the mitochondrial genome of the crab-eating frog Fejervarya cancrivora and evolutionary implications. Gene, 441: 148-155.
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