Security in Computing

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There is growing concern that cyberspace will become the next theater of warfare. As Mark Clayton from The Christian Science Monitor wrote in a 2015 article titled "The New Cyber Arms Race": Cryptographic techniques involve transforming information, scrambling it, so it becomes unreadable during transmission. The intended recipient can unscramble the message; ideally, eavesdroppers cannot.

Abstract Formal Specification of the seL4/ARMv6 API" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 May 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015. Logic bombs is a type of malware added to a legitimate program that lies dormant until it is triggered by a specific event. Sandhu R, Coyne EJ, Feinstein HL, Youman CE (August 1996). "Role-Based Access Control Models" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 29 (2): 38–47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.50.7649. doi: 10.1109/2.485845. S2CID 1958270. For example, programs can be installed into an individual user's account, which limits the program's potential access, as well as being a means control which users have specific exceptions to policy. In Linux], FreeBSD, OpenBSD, and other Unix-like operating systems there is an option to further restrict an application using chroot or other means of restricting the application to its own 'sandbox'. For example. Linux provides namespaces, and Cgroups to further restrict the access of an application to system resources. What is Spoofing? – Definition from Techopedia". techopedia.com. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2022.For a computer to be 100% secure, it must be disconnected from everything ( air-gapped) and physically isolated to prevent anything getting installed. For example, you'd need to turn off all drives that allow software to be installed (e.g., a disc drive) and turn off ports (e.g., USB (universal serial bus)) that allow drives to connect to the computer. Gallagher, Sean (14 May 2014). "Photos of an NSA "upgrade" factory show Cisco router getting implant". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 4 August 2014 . Retrieved 3 August 2014. Shachtman, Noah (23 September 2010). "Military's Cyber Commander Swears: "No Role" in Civilian Networks". brookings.edu. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010.

Be better prepared for breaches by understanding their causes and the factors that increase or reduce costs. Learn from the experiences of more than 550 organizations that were hit by a data breach. Chain of trust techniques can be used to attempt to ensure that all software loaded has been certified as authentic by the system's designers. A.C. O'Connor & R.J. Loomis (March 2002). Economic Analysis of Role-Based Access Control (PDF). Research Triangle Institute. p.145. Kang, Cecilia (19 September 2016). "Self-Driving Cars Gain Powerful Ally: The Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 January 2017.Authentication techniques can be used to ensure that communication end-points are who they say they are. The credit card companies Visa and MasterCard cooperated to develop the secure EMV chip which is embedded in credit cards. Further developments include the Chip Authentication Program where banks give customers hand-held card readers to perform online secure transactions. Other developments in this arena include the development of technology such as Instant Issuance which has enabled shopping mall kiosks acting on behalf of banks to issue on-the-spot credit cards to interested customers. Bullard, Brittany (2016). Style and Statistics: The Art of Retail Analytics. Wiley. doi: 10.1002/9781119271260.ch8. ISBN 978-1119270317. Internet of Things Global Standards Initiative". ITU. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015.

The Cutting Edge of RFID Technology and Applications for Manufacturing and Distribution". Supply Chain Market.

Cole, Jeffrey I.; Suman, Michael; Schramm, Phoebe; van Bel, Daniel; Lunn, B.; Maguire, Phyllisane; Hanson, Koran; Singh, Rajesh; Aquino, Jedrix-Sean; Lebo, Harlan (2000). The UCLA Internet report: Surveying the digital future (PDF). ccp.ucla.edu (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2003 . Retrieved 15 September 2023. Former New Hampshire Psychiatric Hospital Patient Accused Of Data Breach". CBS Boston. 27 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017 . Retrieved 29 December 2016. These additions cannot come without some pruning. Previously hot topics, such as trusted operating systems and multilevel databases, are being pared down. The authors will also reconsider topics such as economics and management which, although interesting and important, appeal to a relatively small target audience. Table of Contents Some software can be run in software containers which can even provide their own set of system libraries, limiting the software's, or anyone controlling it, access to the server's versions of the libraries.

Eilam, Eldad (2005). Reversing: secrets of reverse engineering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0764574818.The 1986 18U.S.C. §1030, the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is the key legislation. It prohibits unauthorized access or damage of protected computers as defined in 18 U.S.C. §1030(e)(2). Although various other measures have been proposed [232] [233] – none has succeeded. Encryption is used to protect the confidentiality of a message. Cryptographically secure ciphers are designed to make any practical attempt of breaking them infeasible. Symmetric-key ciphers are suitable for bulk encryption using shared keys, and public-key encryption using digital certificates can provide a practical solution for the problem of securely communicating when no key is shared in advance. John Bumgarner (27 April 2010). "Computers as Weapons of War" (PDF). IO Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 30 October 2011. Cryptographic techniques can be used to defend data in transit between systems, reducing the probability that the data exchange between systems can be intercepted or modified.