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There are few academic terms that create more confusion than ontology. While the nature of ontology is already deeply contested within academic philosophy (Blatti & Lapointe, 2016; Chalmers et al., 2009; Hofweber, 2018), proclamations of an ontological turn (Bertelsen & Bendixsen, 2017; Bessire & Bond, 2014) in social sciences and humanities further increase confusion. In anthropology, the epicenter of the proclaimed ontological turn, the promise of ontological anthropology has been generating widespread approval (De la Cadena & Blaser, 2018; Descola, 2013; Holbraad & Pedersen, 2017; Viveiros de Castro, 2004) or conversely critique (Fontein, 2021; Graeber, 2017; Ingold, 2016; Ramos, 2012; Todd, 2016), while increasingly also shaping debates in other areas of social sciences and humanities (e.g. DePuy et al., 2021; El-Hani et al., 2022; Furlan et al., 2020). Ontological debates in mainstream philosophy largely ignore Footnote 1 ontological anthropology, while many proponents of ontological anthropology do not engage with philosophical literature past Deleuze and Guattari ( 1988) and remain disconnected from the current state of debates in philosophical ontology. Gearhardt AN, Brownell KD. Can food and addiction change the game? Biol Psychiatry. 2013; 73:802–803. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] NOTE: At this point the timeframes and categories are academic since you haven’t started to use the framework yet. Don’t get too bogged down. If you need to, you can modify the timeframes and categories as you get into defining actions and milestones. Kiper, J., Stich, S., Barrett, C. H., & Machery, E. (2021). Experimental philosophy. In D. Ludwig, I. Koskinen, Z. Mncube, L. Poliseli, & L. Reyes-Galindo (Eds.), Global epistemologies and philosophies of science (pp. 61–73). Routledge. Considering that the meanings of the key term are different, are ontological discourses under investigation developing in parallel and therefore do the exchanges amount to simple equivocations? We do not see it this way and in this section, we present an argument for why this is the case.The term food addiction was first introduced in the scientific literature by Theron Randolph in 1956 [ 26]. He described it as “a specific adaptation to one or more regularly consumed foods to which a person is highly sensitive [which] produces a common pattern of symptoms descriptively similar to those of other addictive processes.” He also noted, however, that “most often involved are corn, wheat, coffee, milk, eggs, potatoes and other frequently eaten foods.” This view has changed, as nowadays highly processed foods with high sugar and/or fat content are discussed as being potentially addictive [ 27]. Velázquez-Sánchez C, Ferragud A, Moore CF, Everitt BJ, Sabino V, Cottone P. High trait impulsivity predicts food addiction-like behavior in the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014; 39:2463–2472. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Grosshans M, Loeber S, Kiefer F. Implications from addiction research towards the understanding and treatment of obesity. Addict Biol. 2011; 16:189–198. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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Viveiros de Castro, E. (2004). Perspectival anthropology and the method of controlled equivocation. Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America, 2(1), 1.

Chalmers, D., Manley, D., & Wasserman, R. (Eds.). (2009). Metametaphysics: New essays on the foundations of ontology. OUP Oxford.Mol, A. (1999). Ontological politics. A word and some questions. The Sociological Review, 47(1), 74–89. Avena NM, Gold JA, Kroll C, Gold MS. Further developments in the neurobiology of food and addiction: update on the state of the science. Nutrition. 2012; 28:341–343. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci. 2010; 13:635–641. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]

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Brownell KD, Gold MS. Food and addiction - a comprehensive handbook. New York: Oxford University Press; 2012. p. xxii. [ Google Scholar] When you want to agree and communicate the multiple components of your strategic plan with your key stakeholders. This is best achieved in a workshop setting Ziauddeen H, Farooqi IS, Fletcher PC. Food addiction: is there a baby in the bathwater? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; 13:514. [ Google Scholar] Travers, M. (2017). The philosophical assumptions of constructionism. Social constructionism in housing research (pp. 14–31). Routledge. Bruinsma K, Taren DL. Chocolate: food or drug? J Am Diet Assoc. 1999; 99:1249–1256. [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar]