SS Charlemagne: The 33rd Waffen-Grenadier Division of the SS

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Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-521-24304-9. On 24 February 1945, two regiments of the division without divisional support were sent to the front lines near the railroad station in the village of Hammerstein. Charlemagne encouraged clerics to translate Christian creeds and prayers into their respective vernaculars as well to teach grammar and music. Due to the increased interest of intellectual pursuits and the urging of their king, the monks accomplished so much copying that almost every manuscript from that time was preserved. At the same time, at the urging of their king, scholars were producing more secular books on many subjects, including history, poetry, art, music, law, theology, etc. Due to the increased number of titles, private libraries flourished. These were mainly supported by aristocrats and churchmen who could afford to sustain them. At Charlemagne's court, a library was founded and a number of copies of books were produced, to be distributed by Charlemagne. [133] [23] Book production was completed slowly by hand and took place mainly in large monastic libraries. Books were so in demand during Charlemagne's time that these libraries lent out some books, but only if that borrower offered valuable collateral in return. [23] The privileges of Charlemagne at the Modena Cathedral (containing the monogram of Charlemagne), dated 782 Gerald Bray (1983). "The Filioque Clause in History and Theology" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 34: 91–144 [121]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2011.

Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014). A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics). London: Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-317-91852-3. Northen Magill, Frank; Aves, Alison (1998). Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages. Routledge. pp. 226–. ISBN 978-1-57958-041-4. In 799, Pope Leo III had been assaulted by some of the Romans, who tried to pull out his eyes and tear out his tongue. [90] Leo escaped and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn. [91] Charlemagne, advised by scholar Alcuin, travelled to Rome, in November 800 and held a synod. On 23 December, Leo swore an oath of innocence to Charlemagne. His position having thereby been weakened, the Pope sought to restore his status. Two days later, at Mass, on Christmas Day (25 December), when Charlemagne knelt at the altar to pray, the Pope crowned him Imperator Romanorum ("Emperor of the Romans") in Saint Peter's Basilica. In so doing, the Pope rejected the legitimacy of Empress Irene of Constantinople:According to the Muslim historian Ibn al-Athir, the Diet of Paderborn had received the representatives of the Muslim rulers of Zaragoza, Girona, Barcelona and Huesca. Their masters had been cornered in the Iberian peninsula by Abd ar-Rahman I, the Umayyad emir of Cordova. These "Saracen" ( Moorish and Muwallad) rulers offered their homage to the king of the Franks in return for military support. Seeing an opportunity to extend Christendom and his own power, and believing the Saxons to be a fully conquered nation, Charlemagne agreed to go to Spain. He also spoke Latin and had at least some understanding of Greek, according to Einhard ( Grecam vero melius intellegere quam pronuntiare poterat, "he could understand Greek better than he could speak it"). [149]

In its national anthem, " El Gran Carlemany", the microstate of Andorra credits Charlemagne with its independence. the group of mostly LVF veterans engaged ex-German POWs of the "Seydlitz Division." This German Division foughtThorpe, Lewis. Two Lives of Charlemagne. p. 185. By [Hildigard] Charlemagne had four sons and four daughters, according to Paul the Deacon: one son, the twin of Lewis, called Lothar, died as a baby and is not mentioned by Einhard; two daughters, Hildigard and Adelhaid, died as babies, so that Einhard appears to err in one of his names, unless there were really five daughters. Einhard; Notker Balbulus (1905) [c. 820–830]. "Private Life and Character of Charlemagne. 30" (PDF). The Early Lives of Charlemagne by Eginhard and the Monk of St Gall. Translated by A. J. Grant. Alexander Moring Limited. p. 39 – via Project Gutenberg.