Glebia Challengera

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Dodson, Andrew (January 19, 2019). "School named after astronaut Christa McAuliffe remembers Challenger explosion". MLive. Archived from the original on July 25, 2021 . Retrieved July 25, 2021. It is not yet known whether the Challenger 2 will be salvageable, but one source said Ukrainian engineers would at least be able to strip it down for spares because it was hit in territory held by Kyiv. A surprise Ukrainian offensive Stevonec, Timothy (May 1, 2012). "New Challenger Video: Rare Footage Of 1986 Disaster Uncovered". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 23, 2018 . Retrieved September 12, 2021. As a result of the disaster, NASA established the Office of Safety, Reliability, and Quality Assurance, and arranged for deployment of commercial satellites from expendable launch vehicles rather than from a crewed orbiter. To replace Challenger, the construction of a new Space Shuttle orbiter, Endeavour, was approved in 1987, and the new orbiter first flew in 1992. Subsequent missions were launched with redesigned SRBs and their crews wore pressurized suits during ascent and reentry. On January 31, the US Navy was tasked with submarine recovery operations. [17] :5 The search efforts prioritized the recovery of the right SRB, followed by the crew compartment, and then the remaining payload, orbiter pieces, and ET. [17] :16 The search for debris formally began on February 8 with the rescue and salvage ship USS Preserver, and eventually grew to sixteen ships, of which three were managed by NASA, four by the US Navy, one by the US Air Force and eight by independent contractors. [17] :4–5 The surface ships used side-scan sonar to make the initial search for debris and covered 486 square nautical miles (1,670km 2) at water depths between 70 feet (21m) and 1,200 feet (370m). [17] :24 The sonar operations discovered 881 potential locations for debris, of which 187 pieces were later confirmed to be from the orbiter. [17] :24 Right SRB debris showing the hole caused by the plume

The elite brigade, trained and equipped by Britain, has been credited with penetrating the so-called Surovikin line – the network of trenches, tank traps and fortifications defending Russia’s “land bridge” to Crimea. a b "Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial". Arlington National Cemetery. 2021. Archived from the original on June 28, 2021 . Retrieved July 15, 2021. The crew compartment, human remains and many other fragments from the shuttle were recovered from the ocean floor after a three-month search-and-recovery operation. The exact timing of the deaths of the crew is unknown, but several crew members are thought to have survived the initial breakup of the spacecraft. The orbiter had no escape system, and the impact of the crew compartment at terminal velocity with the ocean surface was too violent to be survivable. Schmemann, Serge (February 2, 1986). "Soviet Union to name 2 Venus craters for Shuttle's women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021 . Retrieved October 25, 2021.

We’re at an incredibly divisive moment in our country’s history, and one of the few things that have brought our country and our people together is our imagination for exploration, particularly as it relates to space,” said Zipper. There was the communal elation of the moon landing, the thousands lined up to watch Challenger. “As we move forward into the future,” Zipper said, “and we explore deeper into space, hopefully that will be something that once again can bring us together.” His comments follow remarks from US secretary of defence Lloyd Austin, who said Russia would go after Baltic countries, Poland and other neighbouring states if Washington stopped supporting Ukraine.

The first operational deployments of Challenger 2 tanks were to support peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo. HAAIP has already led to upgrades to the air filtration system, through the use of cleanable air filters with increased operating life, which were tested in Exercise Saif Sareea 3 in October 2018. [76] The HAAIP programme, awarded to BAE Systems, was intended to apply a common engine and suspension standard to Challenger 2, the DTT, CRARRV, Titan and Trojan, improving reliability. [77] However the Minister of State for Defence announced in April 2022 that a common engine (build standard) will be applied to Challenger 2, Challenger 3 and CRARRV only after a new refrigerant is found for the CTCS (Crew Temperature Control System). [78]The Challenger 2 has a crew of four. The main armament is a L30A1 120-millimetre (4.7in) rifled tank gun, an improved derivative of the L11 gun used on the Chieftain and Challenger 1. [12] Fifty rounds of ammunition are carried for the main armament, alongside 4,200 rounds of 7.62mm ammunition for the tank's secondary weapons: a L94A1 EX-34 chain gun mounted coaxially, and a L37A2 (GPMG) machine gun. The turret and hull are protected with second generation Chobham armour, also known as Dorchester. Powered by a Perkins CV12-6A V12 diesel engine, the tank has a range of 550 kilometres (340mi) and maximum road speed of 59 kilometres per hour (37mph). [13] Geolocated footage recently shared online showed soldiers of the 82nd conducting raids on trenches near the western outskirts of Verbove. Rubinson, Paul (2010). "Truth, Lies, and O-rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster". The Florida Historical Quarterly. Florida Historical Society. 88 (4): 574–577. JSTOR 29765138. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021 . Retrieved October 6, 2021.

On 27 March 2023, the UK Ministry of Defence announced that Ukrainian tank crews had completed their training in the UK on Challenger 2 tanks, and had returned to Ukraine. [43]Baldoni, John (January 28, 2019). "The Challenger Disaster: A Dramatic Lesson In The Failure To Communicate". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 13, 2021 . Retrieved September 13, 2021. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa McDonald, Allan J.; Hansen, James R. (2009). Truth, Lies, and O-rings: Inside the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-4193-3. Archived from the original on October 2, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2021. The digital fire control computer from Computing Devices Co of Canada contains two 32-bit processors with a MIL STD1553B databus. It has capacity for additional systems, such as a Battlefield Information Control System. The only other time a Challenger 2 had been destroyed on a battlefield was in a friendly-fire incident in Iraq in 2003, when two British soldiers were killed and two others were seriously wounded after the crew of another Challenger 2 opened fire in the dark. Bernard Weintraub (February 1, 1986). "Reagan Pays Tribute to 'Our 7 Challenger Heroes' ". The New York Times. p.A1. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017 . Retrieved February 12, 2017.

Western military vehicles sent to Ukraine have helped save the lives of dozens of Ukrainian soldiers after being hit by Russian fire while taking part in Kyiv’s counter-offensive. The findings are inconclusive. The impact of the crew compartment with the ocean surface was so violent that evidence of damage occurring in the seconds which followed the disintegration was masked. Our final conclusions are: The first occurrence of in-flight O-ring erosion occurred on the right SRB on STS-2 in November 1981. [1] :126 In August 1984, a post-flight inspection of the left SRB on STS-41-D revealed that soot had blown past the primary O-ring and was found in between the O-rings. Although there was no damage to the secondary O-ring, this indicated that the primary O-ring was not creating a reliable seal and was allowing hot gas to pass. The amount of O-ring erosion was insufficient to prevent the O-ring from sealing, and investigators concluded that the soot between the O-rings resulted from non-uniform pressure at the time of ignition. [1] :130 [4] :39–42 The January 1985 launch of STS-51-C was the coldest Space Shuttle launch to date. The air temperature was 62°F (17°C) at the time of launch, and the calculated O-ring temperature was 53°F (12°C). Post-flight analysis revealed erosion in primary O-rings in both SRBs. Morton Thiokol engineers determined that the cold temperatures caused a loss of flexibility in the O-rings that decreased their ability to seal the field joints, which allowed hot gas and soot to flow past the primary O-ring. [4] :47 O-ring erosion occurred on all but one ( STS-51-J) of the Space Shuttle flights in 1985, and erosion of both the primary and secondary O-rings occurred on STS-51-B. [1] :131 [4] :50–52,63 The air temperature on January 28 was predicted to be a record-low for a Space Shuttle launch. [4] :47,101 The air temperature was forecast to drop to 18°F (−8°C) overnight before rising to 22°F (−6°C) at 6:00 a.m. and 26°F (−3°C) at the scheduled launch time of 9:38 a.m. [1] :87 [4] :96 Based upon O-ring erosion that had occurred in warmer launches, Morton Thiokol engineers were concerned over the effect the record-cold temperatures would have on the seal provided by the SRB O-rings for the launch. [4] :101–103 Cecil Houston, the manager of the KSC office of the Marshall Space Flight Center, set up a conference call on the evening of January 27 to discuss the safety of the launch. Morton Thiokol engineers expressed their concerns about the effect of low temperatures on the resilience of the rubber O-rings. As the colder temperatures lowered the elasticity of the rubber O-rings, the engineers feared that the O-rings would not be extruded to form a seal at the time of launch. [4] :97–99 [9] The engineers argued that they did not have enough data to determine whether the O-rings would seal at temperatures colder than 53°F (12°C), the coldest launch of the Space Shuttle to date. [4] :105–106 Morton Thiokol employees Robert Lund, the Vice President of Engineering, and Joe Kilminster, the Vice President of the Space Booster Programs, recommended against launching until the temperature was above 53°F (12°C). [1] :107–108 Ice on the launch tower hours before Challenger launchThe teleconference held a recess to allow for private discussion amongst Morton Thiokol management. When it resumed, Morton Thiokol leadership had changed their opinion and stated that the evidence presented on the failure of the O-rings was inconclusive and that there was a substantial margin in the event of a failure or erosion. They stated that their decision was to proceed with the launch. Morton Thiokol leadership submitted a recommendation for launch, and the teleconference ended. [1] :97,109 Lawrence Mulloy, the NASA SRB project manager, [4] :3 called Arnold Aldrich, the NASA Mission Management Team Leader, to discuss the launch decision and weather concerns, but did not mention the O-ring discussion; the two agreed to proceed with the launch. [1] :99 [4] :116 Boisjoly, Russell P.; Curtis, Ellen Foster; Mellican, Eugene (April 1989). "Roger Boisjoly and the Challenger Disaster: The Ethical Dimensions". Journal of Business Ethics. Springer. 8 (4): 217–230. doi: 10.1007/BF00383335. JSTOR 25071892. S2CID 144135586. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021 . Retrieved August 27, 2021. Malinowski, Tonya (June 29, 2018). "NASA astronaut Ellison Onizuka's soccer ball that survived the Challenger explosion". ESPN. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021 . Retrieved July 19, 2021. Browne, Malcolm W. (January 29, 1986). "How could it happen? Fuel Tank Leak Feared". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 30, 2021 . Retrieved August 30, 2021. Zurawik, David (February 25, 1990). "Turning Tragedy into Entertainment, 'Challenger' Invades Survivors' Private Grief". Tulsa World. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved September 7, 2021.