Aurora

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Loomis, Elias (July 1860). "The great auroral exhibition of August 28 to September 4, 1859, and the geographical distribution of auroras and thunder storms—5th article". The American Journal of Science. 2nd series. 30: 79–100.

Norrsken history". Irf.se. 12 November 2003. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 July 2011.Niall Alexander for Tor.com: "its depiction of the ascent of artificial intelligence must be among the most momentous takes on the topic science fiction has ever seen" A tasty, if not always tasteful, tale of supernatural mayhem that fans of King and Crichton alike will enjoy. Acceleration of auroral charged particles invariably accompanies a magnetospheric disturbance that causes an aurora. This mechanism, which is believed to predominantly arise from strong electric fields along the magnetic field or wave-particle interactions, raises the velocity of a particle in the direction of the guiding magnetic field. The pitch angle is thereby decreased and increases the chance of it being precipitated into the atmosphere. Both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves, produced at the time of greater geomagnetic disturbances, make a significant contribution to the energizing processes that sustain an aurora. Particle acceleration provides a complex intermediate process for transferring energy from the solar wind indirectly into the atmosphere.

Boston: "Mine is disconnected, and we are working with the auroral current. How do you receive my writing?" Aurora Borealis and the Telegraph". The British Colonist. Vol.2, no.56. Victoria, V.I. [Vancouver Island, B.C.]: Amor De Cosmos. 19 October 1859. p.1, col. 2. ISSN 0839-4229. OCLC 1115103262– via Internet Archive. a b "NASA's MAVEN Orbiter Detects Ultraviolet Aurora on Mars | Space Exploration". Sci-News.com . Retrieved 16 August 2015. Palmroth, M.; Grandin, M.; Helin, M.; Koski, P.; Oksanen, A.; Glad, M. A.; Valonen, R.; Saari, K.; Bruus, E.; Norberg, J.; Viljanen, A.; Kauristie, K.; Verronen, P. T. (2020). "Citizen Scientists Discover a New Auroral Form: Dunes Provide Insight Into the Upper Atmosphere". AGU Advances. 1. doi: 10.1029/2019AV000133. hdl: 10138/322003. S2CID 213839228. From the New York Times and internationally bestselling authors of the Illuminae Files comes a new science-fiction epic. . . .

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An aurora was described by the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th century BC. [77] Seneca wrote about auroras in the first book of his Naturales Quaestiones, classifying them, for instance, as pithaei ('barrel-like'); chasmata ('chasm'); pogoniae ('bearded'); cyparissae ('like cypress trees'); and describing their manifold colors. He wrote about whether they were above or below the clouds, and recalled that under Tiberius, an aurora formed above the port city of Ostia that was so intense and red that a cohort of the army, stationed nearby for fire duty, galloped to the rescue. [78] It has been suggested that Pliny the Elder depicted the aurora borealis in his Natural History, when he refers to trabes, chasma, 'falling red flames', and 'daylight in the night'. [79] When we last saw Squad 312, they were working together seamlessly (aka, freaking out) as an intergalactic battle raged and an ancient superweapon threatened to obliterate Earth. Everything went horribly wrong, naturally.

Shue, J.-H; Chao, J. K.; Fu, H. C.; Russell, C. T.; Song, P.; Khurana, K. K.; Singer, H. J. (May 1997). "A new functional form to study the solar wind control of the magnetopause size and shape". J. Geophys. Res. 102 (A5): 9497–9511. Bibcode: 1997JGR...102.9497S. doi: 10.1029/97JA00196. In Scandinavia, the first mention of norðrljós (the northern lights) is found in the Norwegian chronicle Konungs Skuggsjá from AD 1230. The chronicler has heard about this phenomenon from compatriots returning from Greenland, and he gives three possible explanations: that the ocean was surrounded by vast fires; that the sun flares could reach around the world to its night side; or that glaciers could store energy so that they eventually became fluorescent. [86]Green: At lower altitudes, the more frequent collisions suppress the 630nm (red) mode: rather the 557.7nm emission (green) dominates. A fairly high concentration of atomic oxygen and higher eye sensitivity in green make green auroras the most common. The excited molecular nitrogen (atomic nitrogen being rare due to the high stability of the N 2 molecule) plays a role here, as it can transfer energy by collision to an oxygen atom, which then radiates it away at the green wavelength. (Red and green can also mix together to produce pink or yellow hues.) The rapid decrease of concentration of atomic oxygen below about 100km is responsible for the abrupt-looking end of the lower edges of the curtains. Both the 557.7 and 630.0nm wavelengths correspond to forbidden transitions of atomic oxygen, a slow mechanism responsible for the graduality (0.7s and 107s respectively) of flaring and fading. A generation ship is launched from Earth in 2545 at 0.1 c (i.e. traveling at 108,000,000 km/h or 10% the speed of light). It includes twenty-four self-contained biomes and an average population of two thousand people. One hundred sixty years and approximately seven generations later, it is beginning its deceleration into the Tau Ceti system to begin colonization of a planet's moon, an Earth analog, which has been named Aurora. Geomagnetic storms that ignite auroras may occur more often during the months around the equinoxes. It is not well understood, but geomagnetic storms may vary with Earth's seasons. Two factors to consider are the tilt of both the solar and Earth's axis to the ecliptic plane. As Earth orbits throughout a year, it experiences an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) from different latitudes of the Sun, which is tilted at 8 degrees. Similarly, the 23-degree tilt of Earth's axis about which the geomagnetic pole rotates with a diurnal variation changes the daily average angle that the geomagnetic field presents to the incident IMF throughout a year. These factors combined can lead to minor cyclical changes in the detailed way that the IMF links to the magnetosphere. In turn, this affects the average probability of opening a door [ colloquialism] through which energy from the solar wind can reach Earth's inner magnetosphere and thereby enhance auroras. Recent evidence in 2021 has shown that individual separate substorms may in fact be correlated networked communities. [64] Auroral particle acceleration [ edit ]