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Williams; Tony D. (1995). The Penguins – Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2.

The Early Oligocene genus Cruschedula was formerly thought to belong to Spheniscidae; however, re-examination of the holotype in 1943 resulted in the genus being placed in Accipitridae. [26] Further examination in 1980 resulted in placement as Aves incertae sedis. [27] Taxonomy Before you go looking for emperor penguins to hug, hear me out. Even though some penguin species may allow human touch, it still isn’t a good idea to touch or try to pet one without supervision. Apart from their very tough beaks, they also have incredibly powerful wings or flippers.International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 9, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Galapagos Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. What seems clear is that penguins belong to a clade of Neoaves (living birds except for paleognaths and fowl) that comprises what is sometimes called " higher waterbirds" to distinguish them from the more ancient waterfowl. This group contains such birds as storks, rails, and the seabirds, with the possible exception of the Charadriiformes. [42] Always realize that you are in their habitat. It’s similar to if you suddenly had a stranger in your living room looking to randomly give you a hug. How To Make a Penguin Comfortable Around You International), BirdLife International (BirdLife (August 7, 2018). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Snares Penguin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Archived from the original on March 4, 2020 . Retrieved June 2, 2020. Still, they are wild animals, and we need to treat them with the respect that they deserve. Give them their space and enjoy their company from a distance. Sources

Named on an isolated humerus which is unable to be compared to other species present in the same locality. Similar size to a specimen referred to Delphinornis larseni. Clarke, J. A.; Ksepka; Stucchi; Urbina; Giannini; Bertelli; Narváez; Boyd (2007). "Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (#28): 11545–11550. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10411545C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0611099104. PMC 1913862. PMID 17601778. But size plasticity seems to have been great at this initial stage of penguin radiation: on Seymour Island, Antarctica, for example, around 10 known species of penguins ranging in size from medium to huge apparently coexisted some 35 mya during the Priabonian (Late Eocene). [37] It is not even known whether the gigantic palaeeudyptines constitute a monophyletic lineage, or whether gigantism was evolved independently in a much restricted Palaeeudyptinae and the Anthropornithinae – whether they were considered valid, or whether there was a wide size range present in the Palaeeudyptinae as delimited as is usually done these days (i.e., including Anthropornis nordenskjoeldi). [3] The oldest well-described giant penguin, the 5-foot (1.5m)-tall Icadyptes salasi, actually occurred as far north as northern Peru about 36 mya.The oldest known fossil penguin species is Waimanu manneringi, which lived in the early Paleocene epoch of New Zealand, or about 62 mya. [33] While they were not as well-adapted to aquatic life as modern penguins, Waimanu were generally loon-like birds but already flightless, with short wings adapted for deep diving. [33] They swam on the surface using mainly their feet, but the wings were – as opposed to most other diving birds (both living and extinct) – already adapting to underwater locomotion. [35] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2023). "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins". World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union . Retrieved April 16, 2023.

Join your favourite Hey Duggee Characters in the countdown to Christmas! Find a mini storybook behind each door, including a special Christmas story for Christmas Eve. DK (2016). Animal!. Penguin. ISBN 9781465459008. Archived from the original on June 2, 2021 . Retrieved November 18, 2020. Perudyptes from northern Peru was dated to 42 mya. An unnamed fossil from Argentina proves that, by the Bartonian (Middle Eocene), some 39–38 mya, [36] primitive penguins had spread to South America and were in the process of expanding into Atlantic waters. [30] Palaeeudyptines https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/society/antarctic-treaty-unique-governance-for-environment-and-science/ Humboldt Penguin: Saint Louis Zoo". Archived from the original on September 28, 2006 . Retrieved July 21, 2006.Featuring brand new badge stories, fun and games, this annual is perfect for your own little Squirrels! Jadwiszczak, P. (2009). "Penguin past: The current state of knowledge". Polish Polar Research. 30: 3–28. Archived from the original on March 7, 2022 . Retrieved November 13, 2014. In the mid-2000s, penguins became one of the most publicized species of animals that form lasting homosexual couples. A children's book, And Tango Makes Three, was written about one such penguin family in the New York Zoo. They spend about half of their lives on land and the other half in the sea. The largest living species is the emperor penguin ( Aptenodytes forsteri): [6] on average, adults are about 1.1m (3ft 7in) tall and weigh 35kg (77lb). The smallest penguin species is the little blue penguin ( Eudyptula minor), also known as the fairy penguin, which stands around 30–33cm (12–13in) tall and weighs 1.2–1.3kg (2.6–2.9lb). [7] Today, larger penguins generally inhabit colder regions, and smaller penguins inhabit regions with temperate or tropical climates. Some prehistoric penguin species were enormous: as tall or heavy as an adult human. There was a great diversity of species in subantarctic regions, and at least one giant species in a region around 2,000km south of the equator 35 mya, during the Late Eocene, a climate decidedly warmer than today. [8] Etymology A group of emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes forsteri) in Antarctica

Sivak, J; Howland, H. C.; McGill-Harelstad, P (1987). "Vision of the Humboldt penguin ( Spheniscus humboldti) in air and water". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B. 229 (#1257): 467–72. Bibcode: 1987RSPSB.229..467S. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1987.0005. JSTOR 36191. PMID 2881308. S2CID 32860474. a b Gaskell, Jeremy (2000). Who Killed the Great Auk?. Oxford University Press (USA). p.152. ISBN 0-19-856478-3. Archived from the original on October 18, 2021 . Retrieved November 18, 2020. Some wild species of penguins, such as the Tawaki, live in isolation, so if you suddenly show up out of nowhere and approach them, they will feel uncomfortable with your presence. It’s only normal for an animal to react defensively when there’s a potential threat in its environment.Fraser, Ian; Gray, Jeannie (2019). Australian Bird Names: Origins and Meanings. Clayton South, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. pp.86–87. ISBN 9781486311637. If you’ve ever had a chance to visit the penguin attraction in Antarctica, you’ll notice that sightseers are not allowed to be as close to the penguins for more than five meters. This is considered a safe distance, and I recommend you not to break this rule for your own safety. Penguins of Australia and New Zealand". Southern Indian Education Center. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012 . Retrieved September 8, 2013. Caballero, Rodrigo; Huber, Matthew (August 27, 2013). "State-dependent climate sensitivity in past warm climates and its implications for future climate projections". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (35): 14162–14167. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..11014162C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1303365110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3761583. PMID 23918397.