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a b c > Godoy, Maria (7 July 2005). "Timeline: London's Explosive History". NPR . Retrieved 25 March 2021. London— Features— Where is the Centre of London?". BBC. Archived from the original on 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2008. About us". London Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2009.
a b "Number of international students in London continues to grow" (Press release). Greater London Authority. 20 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Opened in 1863, the London Underground, commonly referred to as the Tube or just the Underground, is the oldest and third longest metro system in the world. [281] [282] The system serves 272 stations, and was formed from several private companies, including the world's first underground electric line, the City and South London Railway, which opened in 1890. [283] London is one of the major classical and popular music capitals of the world and hosts major music corporations, such as Universal Music Group International and Warner Music Group, and countless bands, musicians and industry professionals. The city is also home to many orchestras and concert halls, such as the Barbican Arts Centre (principal base of the London Symphony Orchestra and the London Symphony Chorus), the Southbank Centre ( London Philharmonic Orchestra and the Philharmonia Orchestra), Cadogan Hall ( Royal Philharmonic Orchestra) and the Royal Albert Hall ( The Proms). [347] The Proms, an eight-week summer season of daily orchestral classical music first held in 1895, ends with the Last Night of the Proms. London's two main opera houses are the Royal Opera House and the London Coliseum (home to the English National Opera). [347] The UK's largest pipe organ is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are in cathedrals and major churches—the church bells of St Clement Danes feature in the 1744 nursery rhyme " Oranges and Lemons". [392] Several conservatoires are within the city: Royal Academy of Music, Royal College of Music, Guildhall School of Music and Drama and Trinity Laban. The record label EMI was formed in the city in 1931, and an early employee for the company, Alan Blumlein, created stereo sound that year. [393] Abbey Road Studios in Abbey Road One of London's best-known annual sports competitions is the Wimbledon Tennis Championships, held at the All England Club in the south-western suburb of Wimbledon since 1877. [423] Played in late June to early July, it is the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely considered the most prestigious. [424] [425] The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Alfred "refounded" London in 886. Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls. London then grew slowly until a dramatic increase in about 950. [47]About Saint Paul's". Dean and Chapter St Paul's. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Retrieved 25 March 2021. Leppard, David (10 April 2005). "Immigration Rise Increases Segregation in British Cities". The Times. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 March 2021.
Bishop, Rachael (5 November 2012). "Richmond Park Deer Cull Begins". Sutton & Croydon Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 7 March 2020 . Retrieved 25 March 2021.a b "Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 May 2010. Leading European cities by gross domestic product in 2017/18". Statista . Retrieved 7 September 2021. From pandemics to puritans: when theatre shut down through history and how it recovered". The Stage.co.uk . Retrieved 22 June 2022. Paddington Station". Great Buildings. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2008. Hales, Mike; Mendoza Peña, Andrés; Peterson, Erik R.; Dessibourg, Nicole. "2018 Global Cities Report – Learning from the East: Insights from China's Urban Success". A.T. Kearney. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018.
London has a modern tram network, known as Tramlink. It has 39 stops and four routes, and carried 28 million people in 2013. [304] Since June 2008, Transport for London has completely owned and operated Tramlink. [305] Cable car Flooding". UK Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2006 . Retrieved 19 June 2006. In Pictures: London's Urban Deer". Evening Standard. 25 February 2014. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021 . Retrieved 25 March 2021. In the 16th century, William Shakespeare and his contemporaries lived in London during English Renaissance theatre. Shakespeare's Globe Theatre was constructed in 1599 in Southwark. Stage performances came to a halt in London when Puritan authorities shut down the theatres in the 1640s and 1650s. [62] The ban on theatre was lifted during the Restoration in 1660, and London's oldest operating theatre, Drury Lane, opened in 1663 in what is now the West End theatre district. [63]Very strong and potentially damaging winds associated with Storm Ciarán are likely late Wednesday onwards into Thursday. The administration of London is formed of two tiers: a citywide, strategic tier and a local tier. Citywide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. [108] The GLA consists of two elected components: the mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The GLA has responsibility for the majority of London's transport system through its functional arm Transport for London (TfL), it is responsible for overseeing the city's police and fire services, and also for setting a strategic vision for London on a range of issues. [109] The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Newham. The mayor since 2016 has been Sadiq Khan, the first Muslim mayor of a major Western capital. [110] The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. [111]
London is a major international air transport hub with the busiest city airspace in the world. Eight airports use the word London in their name, but most traffic passes through six of these. Additionally, various other airports also serve London, catering primarily to general aviation flights. Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. [138] The area of Greater London includes areas that are part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. [139] London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed by statute or in written form. [note 5]Estuary English Q and A – JCW". University College London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 16 August 2010. The Port of London, once the largest in the world, is now only the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 45million tonnes of cargo each year as of 2009. [258] Most of this cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London. [258] Brown, Robert W. "London in the Nineteenth Century". University of North Carolina at Pembroke. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 December 2011. After winning the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy was crowned King of England in newly completed Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066. [49] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants. [50] In 1097, William II began building Westminster Hall, close by the abbey of the same name. It became the basis of a new Palace of Westminster. [51]
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